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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues
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Immune genes outside immune cells for multiple sclerosis.

Na Sun1, Manolis Kellis1

  • 1MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Neuron
|April 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immune genes are primed in healthy brain cells called oligodendroglia. These genes become active in multiple sclerosis (MS) due to epigenetic changes, revealing new therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Oligodendroglia are crucial glial cells in the central nervous system, responsible for myelin maintenance.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by immune-mediated damage to myelin.
  • The role of oligodendroglia and epigenetic regulation in MS pathogenesis is an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epigenetic state of immune genes in healthy oligodendroglia.
  • To determine how these genes are activated during multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To elucidate the specific epigenetic mechanisms driving immune gene activation in MS.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin profiling of oligodendroglia from healthy and MS subjects.

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  • Analysis of histone modifications, transcription factor binding, and chromatin accessibility.
  • Transcriptional analysis of immune gene expression.

    • Main Results:

    • Healthy oligodendroglia display a primed chromatin state for immune genes.
    • Epigenetic modifications, including histone deposition and chromatin reconfiguration, lead to immune gene activation in MS.
    • Specific transcription factors are involved in the activation of these immune genes.

    Conclusions:

    • Oligodendroglia possess a pre-activated immune gene program that is further engaged in MS.
    • Epigenetic mechanisms are key drivers of immune gene dysregulation in oligodendroglia during MS.
    • These findings highlight potential epigenetic therapeutic targets for MS.