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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants &#8212; Buried Food and Social Odor Tests
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Author Spotlight: Assessing the Olfactory Effects of Airborne Pollutants — Buried Food and Social Odor Tests

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Correlation Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Olfactory Dysfunction.

Yufeng Mao1, Bin Ye1, Cui Fan1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Frontiers in Public Health
|April 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many COVID-19 patients, especially young women, experience temporary smell loss (olfactory dysfunction) from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review explores its clinical aspects and mechanisms for better patient care.

Keywords:
COVID-19etiologyolfactory dysfunctionpathogenic mechanismviral upper respiratory tract infection

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, frequently presents with olfactory dysfunction.
  • This symptom is common in early infection stages, particularly affecting younger individuals and women.
  • The precise mechanisms and clinical trajectory require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical characteristics of COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction.
  • To explore the pathogenic mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2-induced smell loss.
  • To offer a clinical reference for diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies and case reports.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data on olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of viral pathogenesis and olfactory pathways.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent, often transient, symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Younger demographics and female gender are associated with higher incidence rates.
  • The review consolidates information on clinical presentation and proposed mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction warrants clinical attention due to its high incidence.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis is crucial for developing targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • This review provides a foundation for managing smell dysfunction in the context of COVID-19.