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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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 Every plant cell has a cell wall that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives the cell shape. Cellulose, the main structural component of the plant cell wall, makes up over 30% of plant matter. It is the most abundant organic compound on earth.  Cellulose is an unbranched polysaccharide composed of linear chains of glucose molecules linked by β (1→4) glycosidic bonds.
As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to its type. For example, the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Peptidoglycan Synthesis

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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan...
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Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin,...
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Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Comparative Study on the Polysaccharide Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Hippophae gyantsensis
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Antimicrobial polysaccharides obtained from natural sources.

Giulia A Rocha1, Rosana Br Ferreira1

  • 1Departamento de Microbiologia Médica Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes CCS, Bloco I2-028, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590, Brasil.

Future Microbiology
|April 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Drug-resistant bacterial infections necessitate novel treatments. This review highlights antimicrobial polysaccharides as promising therapeutic alternatives to conventional antibiotics, offering new hope against resistant pathogens.

Keywords:
EPSantimicrobial compoundsantimicrobial resistancenatural sourcespolysaccharides

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Increasing bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics poses a significant global health threat.
  • Antimicrobial peptides are widely studied, but alternative therapeutic agents are urgently needed.
  • Polysaccharides, a class of complex carbohydrates, have demonstrated antimicrobial properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on antimicrobial polysaccharides.
  • To highlight the potential of these carbohydrate polymers as therapeutic alternatives.
  • To explore unconventional sources for antimicrobial polysaccharide discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of scientific databases.
  • Analysis of studies reporting isolation and characterization of antimicrobial polysaccharides.
  • Evaluation of documented antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Numerous polysaccharides from diverse sources exhibit significant antimicrobial activity.
  • These carbohydrate polymers show potential against a range of bacterial pathogens, including drug-resistant strains.
  • Evidence suggests polysaccharides can be a viable alternative to conventional antimicrobials.

Conclusions:

  • Antimicrobial polysaccharides represent a promising avenue for developing new therapeutics.
  • Further research into these unconventional agents is warranted to combat antimicrobial resistance.
  • Carbohydrate-based therapies could play a crucial role in future infectious disease management.