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Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
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Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

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Cold Weather Concreting01:27

Cold Weather Concreting

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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions01:21

Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Cold Weather Injuries: Initial Evaluation and Management.

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Sports medicine physicians need updated guidance for managing cold weather injuries like hypothermia and frostbite in athletes. This article offers current recommendations for sideline evaluation and initial treatment to reduce harm.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Environmental Health
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Extreme sports participation is increasing, leading to a rise in cold weather injuries.
  • Severe cold injuries such as hypothermia and frostbite carry significant risks.
  • Limited evidence exists for effective field management of these conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide updated recommendations for the sideline and field evaluation of cold weather injuries.
  • To outline initial management strategies for hypothermia, frostbite, nonfreezing cold injuries, and chilblains.
  • To enhance the proficiency of sports medicine physicians in managing these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and guidelines on cold weather injury management.
  • Synthesis of evidence-based practices for field and sideline interventions.
  • Development of practical recommendations for sports medicine professionals.

Main Results:

  • Hypothermia and frostbite require immediate attention and specific field interventions.
  • Nonfreezing cold injuries and chilblains, while less common, need appropriate preventative and treatment strategies.
  • Updated protocols address the early identification and initial management of various cold-related conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Effective sideline and field management of cold weather injuries is crucial for athlete safety.
  • Sports medicine physicians must be equipped with the latest evidence-based recommendations.
  • Proactive management can significantly minimize morbidity and mortality associated with cold exposure.