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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, or DCM, is a progressive myocardial disorder characterized by ventricular chamber dilation and contractile dysfunction.EtiologyVarious factors can cause DCM, including hypertension and heavy alcohol intake, which contribute to the weakening and enlargement of the heart muscle. Viral infections, such as Coxsackievirus B, adenoviruses, and influenza, can lead to DCM by causing inflammation and damage to heart tissue. Certain chemotherapeutic agents, including daunorubicin,...
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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Cysticercosis & Heart: A Systematic Review.

Carlos Eduardo García-Martínez1, Cristhian Emmanuel Scatularo2, Juan María Farina3

  • 1Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory, Centro Cardiológico Americano, Montevideo, Uruguay.

Current Problems in Cardiology
|April 8, 2022
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Summary

Cysticercosis, a parasitic infection, affects millions globally and can impact the heart, causing arrhythmias. This review highlights the need for global health policies to address its cardiovascular complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Cysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium larvae, is a significant cause of seizures in tropical, low-income countries, affecting approximately 50 million people.
  • While not the primary target, the cardiovascular system can be affected in up to 25% of cases, with cysts in the heart's layers.
  • Cardiac cysticercosis often presents asymptomatically but can lead to ventricular arrhythmias and conduction disorders.

Approach:

  • A systematic review was conducted by the NET-Heart project, an initiative of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology's Emerging Leaders group.
  • The review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines.
  • Literature search included MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and LILACS databases, with 41 papers included.

Key Points:

  • Cardiovascular involvement in cysticercosis, though less common, can manifest as arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities.
  • Prevalence is high in tropical, low-income regions where poverty and poor sanitation contribute to disease development.
  • An evaluation algorithm for potential cardiovascular complications of cysticercosis is provided.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing cysticercosis requires global health policies to reduce disease burden, mortality, and economic impact, particularly concerning cardiovascular complications.
  • Poverty and unhealthiness in endemic areas exacerbate the spread and impact of this neglected tropical disease.
  • Systematic review provides insights into the cardiac manifestations of cysticercosis and strategies for evaluation.