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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

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The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
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Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and...
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German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with...
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Imaging lymphatic function and inflammation response through hypoxia via endogenous biomarker.

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Treatment of Liver Metastases Using an Internal Target Volume Method for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy
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Image guidance for FLASH radiotherapy.

Issam El Naqa1, Brian W Pogue2,3, Rongxiao Zhang4

  • 1Department of Machine Learning, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA.

Medical Physics
|April 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT) uses ultra-high doses for improved cancer treatment with fewer toxicities. Advanced image guidance is crucial for precise planning, delivery, and understanding FLASH-RT

Keywords:
FLASH-RTbiological image guidancein vivo dosimetryonline imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics and Radiation Oncology
  • Advanced Imaging Techniques in Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Conventional radiotherapy (RT) faces limitations in balancing tumor eradication and normal tissue toxicity.
  • FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT), an ultra-high dose rate ( >40 Gy/s) technique, shows promise for improved therapeutic potential.
  • Effective implementation of FLASH-RT necessitates specialized image guidance due to its rapid dose delivery and associated risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elaborate on the imaging requirements for FLASH-RT across the entire treatment chain.
  • To explore existing and novel imaging solutions for planning, setup, delivery, and outcome assessment in FLASH-RT.
  • To highlight the role of imaging in understanding FLASH-RT's biological mechanisms and optimizing its clinical application.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging needs for FLASH-RT planning, patient setup, and real-time delivery monitoring.
  • Discussion of conventional imaging (e.g., cone-beam CT) and advanced techniques (e.g., MRI, PET) for anatomical tracking.
  • Exploration of quantitative functional imaging for assessing biological parameters (e.g., hypoxia) and novel pulse-to-pulse imaging (e.g., Cherenkov, radiation acoustics) for dosimetry.

Main Results:

  • Higher temporal sampling imaging is required for precise delivery of ultra-short FLASH-RT treatments.
  • Conventional and advanced imaging modalities are essential for setup verification and monitoring anatomical changes during delivery.
  • Functional and pulse-based imaging tools offer opportunities for understanding FLASH-RT's biological effects and ensuring accurate dose delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating advanced and novel imaging solutions is critical for the safe and effective application of FLASH-RT.
  • Image guidance can enhance the precision of FLASH-RT delivery and provide insights into its unique biological advantages.
  • Future developments in imaging will be key to unlocking the full potential of FLASH-RT, ushering in an era of biological image guidance and ultrafast dosimetry.