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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Crystallization of microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates: A review.

Qian Wang1, Yunsheng Xu2, Pengwu Xu1

  • 1The Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|April 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers with excellent properties. This review details PHA structure and crystallization to enhance their performance and applications.

Keywords:
CrystallizationNucleationPolyhydroxyalkanoatesStructure

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial fermentation-derived biopolymers.
  • PHAs exhibit desirable properties: biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-cytotoxicity.
  • Physical properties of PHAs are intrinsically linked to their chemical and crystalline structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of PHA development, structure, and properties.
  • To systematically review PHA crystallization behavior, including nucleation-induced processes.
  • To establish a theoretical basis for enhancing PHA crystallization rates and material performance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PHA development and properties.
  • Systematic summary of PHA crystal structure and morphology.
  • Analysis of crystallization kinetics theories and nucleation-induced crystallization in PHAs.

Main Results:

  • PHAs offer a promising alternative to conventional plastics due to their green characteristics.
  • Understanding PHA crystal structure and morphology is crucial for property optimization.
  • Nucleation-induced crystallization offers a pathway to improve PHA processing and performance.

Conclusions:

  • Deep understanding and regulation of PHA structure and crystallization are key to improving performance.
  • This review provides a foundation for advancing PHA crystallization and expanding their applications.
  • Further research into PHA crystallization holds significant potential for sustainable polymer development.