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Related Concept Videos

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
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tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events

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Eukaryotic mRNA Decapping Activation.

Elva Vidya1,2, Thomas F Duchaine1,2

  • 1Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Frontiers in Genetics
|April 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The 5'-terminal cap is crucial for gene expression and mRNA stability. This review explores decapping co-factors, their roles in regulating mRNA turnover, and their impact on translation.

Keywords:
Cup/Me31B/Tral complexDcp1/Dcp2Edc1Edc3Edc4P bodiesPatL1mRNA decapping and decay

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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro

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In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection
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In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Artificial RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complexes for Dissecting Co-transcriptional RNA Processing Events
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Analysis of RNA Processing Reactions Using Cell Free Systems: 3' End Cleavage of Pre-mRNA Substrates in vitro
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In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection
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In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Expression Regulation

Background:

  • The 5'-terminal cap is vital for eukaryotic gene expression, controlling translation and mRNA protection.
  • Enzyme-directed decapping significantly impacts mRNA expression and turnover, representing a highly regulated process.
  • The decapping holoenzyme (Dcp1/2) and its associated proteins are key regulators, though their precise mechanisms are still being elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prevailing models of decapping co-factor roles and assembly.
  • To compare decapping machinery with other RNA-protein complexes in P bodies.
  • To highlight gaps in understanding decapping activation and regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic and molecular interaction studies.
  • Analysis of conserved decapping co-factors across species.
  • Comparison of decapping machineries in different physiological contexts and P bodies.

Main Results:

  • Decapping co-factors play conserved roles in activation and scaffolding.
  • Functional convergence exists between decapping machineries and cytoplasmic P bodies.
  • Models for decapping activation and its impact on mRNA stability and translation are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Decapping co-factors are essential for regulating mRNA fate.
  • Understanding decapping mechanisms is crucial for comprehending gene expression control.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate decapping activation pathways.