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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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A Phage Foundry Framework to Systematically Develop Viral Countermeasures to Combat Antibiotic-Resistant Bacterial

Vivek K Mutalik1,2, Adam P Arkin1,2,3

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Antimicrobial-resistant infections pose a global threat, necessitating alternative treatments. A proposed Phage Foundry framework aims to standardize bacteriophage (phage) characterization and therapy development for scalable solutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global crisis, projected to cause significant loss of human life and economic disruption.
  • The development of new antibiotics is lagging, creating an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies.
  • Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, represent a promising alternative for combating bacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a systematic framework, termed the Phage Foundry, for the development and scaling of phage-based therapeutics.
  • To address the current lack of standardized metrics for phage characterization and therapeutic application.
  • To identify and fill critical knowledge and technological gaps in the field of phage therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Establishing standardized metrics for phage characterization.
  • Developing protocols for AMR surveillance, bacterial sampling, and phage isolation.
  • Implementing robust data sharing procedures for phage research and development.

Main Results:

  • The proposed Phage Foundry framework will enable systematic development of scalable phage therapies.
  • Standardized characterization and data sharing will facilitate rational exploitation of phages.
  • Enhanced collaboration and resource sharing are expected to accelerate the biobased economy.

Conclusions:

  • The Phage Foundry offers a structured approach to overcome challenges in phage therapy development.
  • Investment in coordinated surveillance, characterization, and data sharing is crucial for advancing phage therapeutics.
  • A fully realized Phage Foundry will accelerate innovation and equitable access to phage-based solutions for AMR infections.