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Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

The Establishment of a Murine Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket Healing Model

The Establishment of a Murine Mandibular Molar Extraction Socket Healing Model

Published on: January 13, 2023

Dental Extractions under General Anesthesia: New Insights from Process Mining.

F Fox¹, H Whelton², O A Johnson³

¹School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.

JDR Clinical and Translational Research

|April 11, 2022

Summary

Process mining of dental records reveals that many tooth extractions under general anesthetic (GA) follow complex treatment pathways with high rates of emergency visits and prescriptions, indicating a need for improved preventive strategies.

Keywords:

dental general anesthetic dental informatics dental public health electronic health records evidence-based dentistry patient outcomes

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Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Data Science
Dental Medicine

Background:

Tooth extraction under general anesthetic (GA) is a significant public health concern due to its high costs, risks, and resource demands.
Reducing the prevalence of GA extractions is a key objective for healthcare systems globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To apply process mining techniques to dental electronic health record (EHR) data to analyze treatment pathways preceding GA extractions.
To identify key metrics and issues within these pathways to inform policy decisions and improve public health outcomes.

Main Methods:

Anonymized dental EHR data from 231,760 patients (aged 0-16 years) in the Irish public healthcare system (2000-2014) were analyzed.
Process mining methods were adapted to analyze treatment sequences, waiting times, visit frequency, and interventions prior to GA extractions.

Main Results:

Analysis of 5,563 patients undergoing 26,115 GA extractions revealed complex pathways.
Significant findings include high rates of emergency appointments (11,867), prescriptions (4,370), and unsuccessful restorative treatments prior to extraction.
A notable percentage (9%) received tooth dressings with a 6-month lag before extraction.

Conclusions:

Process mining provides valuable insights into the complexity of dental treatment pathways leading to GA extractions.
The findings highlight the need for enhanced screening, preventive care, and alternative treatment strategies to reduce the burden of GA extractions.