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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:19

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

iPS Cell Differentiation

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures
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Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

Published on: March 27, 2019

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Allosteric pluripotency: challenges and opportunities.

Madoka Akimoto1, Karla Martinez Pomier1, Bryan VanSchouwen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

The Biochemical Journal
|April 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allosteric pluripotency describes how a receptor

Keywords:
agonismallosteric regulationantagonismcAMPkinasesprotein kinase A

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Signaling
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • Allosteric receptors exhibit complex regulatory behaviors.
  • Protein Kinase A (PKA) serves as a model system for studying allosteric regulation.
  • Existing literature shows discrepancies regarding the dual nature of allosteric modulators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and explore the concept of allosteric pluripotency.
  • To identify the underlying mechanisms driving pluripotent allostery.
  • To reconcile conflicting observations in allosteric modulator function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and conceptual analysis.
  • Case studies including Protein Kinase A (PKA).
  • Comparative analysis across diverse signaling systems (multidomain proteins, bacterial enzymes).

Main Results:

  • Allosteric pluripotency is a phenomenon where receptor response to a stimulus is modulated by other allosteric effectors.
  • Key drivers of pluripotent allostery were identified across various biological systems.
  • The concept of allosteric pluripotency offers a framework to resolve apparent contradictions in allosteric modulator activity.

Conclusions:

  • Allosteric pluripotency has significant implications for understanding cellular signaling pathways.
  • This concept opens new avenues for allosteric drug design by considering modulator context.
  • Further research is needed to fully explore the challenges and opportunities presented by pluripotent allostery.