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Related Concept Videos

Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

122
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

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Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

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Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:31

Substituent Effects on Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

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The acidity of carboxylic acids is influenced by the nature of the substituents bounded to the functional group. The acid strength is determined by the stability of the carboxylate anion—the conjugate base formed by dissociating the corresponding carboxylic acid.
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Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid.

Kerstin Ledniowska1,2, Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko1, Weronika Janik1,2

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Polymers
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Summary

Environmentally friendly plasticizers synthesized from renewable resources offer a safe alternative to toxic phthalates. These novel plasticizers demonstrate comparable performance and improved migration resistance in poly(vinyl chloride) applications.

Keywords:
migration resistancephthalateplasticizerpoly(vinyl chloride)renewable resourcessuccinate

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Green Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Traditional plasticizers like DEHP and DINP pose environmental and health risks.
  • There is a growing demand for sustainable and non-toxic alternatives in the plastics industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel, environmentally friendly plasticizers from renewable raw materials.
  • To evaluate the performance of these new plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compared to commercial phthalates.
  • To assess the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and migration resistance of PVC plasticized with the synthesized esters.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of plasticizers using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol.
  • Chemical structure and composition analysis via gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
  • Physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA) evaluation.
  • Plasticization efficiency testing in PVC at various concentrations (40, 50, 60 PHR).
  • Mechanical property testing (tensile strength, elongation at break) and migration resistance studies.

Main Results:

  • Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were successfully synthesized and characterized.
  • The synthesized plasticizers exhibited comparable plasticization efficiency to DEHP and DINP.
  • PVC samples showed good mechanical properties, with tensile strength around 19 MPa and elongation at break around 250% at 50 PHR.
  • The novel plasticizers demonstrated significantly lower migration (up to 70% less than DEHP/DINP).
  • The most favorable plasticizer showed good thermal stability with a 5% weight loss temperature of 227.8 °C (air) and 261.1 °C (nitrogen).

Conclusions:

  • The synthesized ester-based plasticizers are effective and viable green alternatives to toxic phthalates.
  • These renewable plasticizers offer enhanced safety profiles with excellent migration resistance.
  • The study supports the development of sustainable plasticizers for broader industrial adoption.