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Related Concept Videos

Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

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Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Joints01:26

Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
Structural joint classifications are based on the material that makes up the joint as well as whether or not the joint contains a space between the bones. Joints are structurally classified as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial.
Fibrous Joints Are Immovable
The bones of a...
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Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Dislocation Arthropathy of the Shoulder.

Ismael Coifman1, Ulrich H Brunner2, Markus Scheibel3,4

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Shoulder dislocation can lead to significant glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA). Rotator cuff quality is key for successful shoulder arthroplasty outcomes, with reverse arthroplasty offering an alternative for severe cases.

Keywords:
arthroplastydislocation arthropathyglenohumeral osteoarthrosisshoulder dislocationshoulder instability

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is a potential complication following shoulder dislocation or instability surgery.
  • The incidence of OA post-surgery ranges from 12% to 62%, with dislocation increasing risk 10-20 fold.
  • Key risk factors include patient age at first instability event, bony lesions, and rotator cuff tears.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the development and management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis after shoulder dislocation and instability surgery.
  • To identify risk factors associated with post-traumatic OA.
  • To evaluate treatment options and functional outcomes for different stages of OA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on glenohumeral osteoarthrosis following shoulder dislocation and surgery.
  • Analysis of risk factors, including age, bony lesions, and rotator cuff integrity.
  • Comparison of outcomes for conservative management, arthroscopic procedures, and various arthroplasty techniques.

Main Results:

  • Mild OA may be managed with arthroscopic procedures; severe OA requires arthroplasty.
  • Rotator cuff quality is a critical predictor of functional outcome after shoulder arthroplasty.
  • Anatomical arthroplasty results are comparable to primary OA cases without bone grafting, but bone grafting increases loosening risk.
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty shows promise due to lower complication and revision rates compared to non-constrained anatomical arthroplasties.

Conclusions:

  • Management strategies for glenohumeral OA depend on disease severity and patient factors.
  • Rotator cuff integrity is paramount for successful surgical reconstruction.
  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty may be a favorable option for managing severe post-traumatic glenohumeral OA.