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Gradually Varying Flow01:29

Gradually Varying Flow

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Gradually varying flow (GVF) in open channels describes situations where water depth changes slowly along the channel due to factors like non-uniform bed slope, channel shape variations, or obstructions. This flow type occurs when the depth adjusts gradually to balance gravitational forces, shear forces, and energy requirements, resulting in a low rate of depth change.Characteristics of Gradually Varying FlowGVF is commonly observed in natural streams, rivers, and canals, where flow depth...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Fiber Composite Laminate Quality with the Wet Hand Lay-Up/Vacuum Bag Process
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Theoretical Analysis Method of Variable Thickness GFRP Tray.

Jianjun Li1, Zhaolong Du1, Shaobo Geng1

  • 1School of Science, North University of China, No.3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan 030051, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study develops a theoretical method to calculate stress in trays used with glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars for slope support. The findings provide a basis for verifying GFRP tray strength and promoting their use in civil engineering.

Keywords:
GFRP traycavity expansiontheoretical analysisthin plate bendingvariable thickness

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Area of Science:

  • Civil Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Geotechnical Engineering

Background:

  • Glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars are increasingly used in slope support.
  • Existing connection methods for GFRP bars lack theoretical stress calculation and strength verification for trays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theoretical calculation and strength verification method for GFRP bar trays in slope support.
  • To analyze the internal force distribution and identify the weakest part of the GFRP tray.

Main Methods:

  • Thin plate bending and cavity expansion theory were used to calculate tray internal forces.
  • A theoretical model assuming equal thickness was compared with finite element analysis of variable thickness trays.

Main Results:

  • The theoretical solution for equal thickness trays closely matched numerical simulations for variable thickness trays.
  • Hoop tensile and radial compressive stresses control tray loading and free surface.
  • The inner wall of the free surface is the weakest part of the GFRP tray.

Conclusions:

  • The developed theoretical method accurately predicts GFRP tray stress distribution.
  • The ultimate strength of GFRP trays is between 35.81-53.00% of the standard tensile strength of GFRP bars.
  • This method supports the wider application of GFRP bars in slope engineering.