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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

198
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
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Qualitative Analysis03:46

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For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
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Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
In the visual method, metal-ion indicators (metallochromic dyes), which have distinct colors in their free and complex forms, are added to the mixture to signal the titration's end point. They form stable complexes with metal ions, but these complexes are weaker than the corresponding metal–EDTA complexes. As a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material
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Metal Marking Behavior and Testing of Porcelain Tableware.

Luc Hennetier1, Ana Moura1, Manuel Ribeiro2

  • 1Technological Center for Ceramic and Glass (CTCV), 3040-540 Coimbra, Portugal.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Metal marking, or glaze damage from cutlery, affects ceramic tableware durability. This review examines causes, prevention, and introduces a new standardized test for porcelain dishware.

Keywords:
crystalline particlescutleryglazemetal markingporcelain tablewarescratch resistancetestingzircon

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Ceramics Engineering
  • Tribology

Background:

  • Metal marking is a common defect in ceramic tableware glazes caused by metallic cutlery.
  • These gray marks and scratches reduce product performance, particularly in demanding settings like the hospitality industry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the physical and chemical mechanisms of metal marking on tableware glazes.
  • To identify methods for preventing or reducing metal marking to improve porcelain dishware durability.
  • To review existing testing methods and propose a new standardized test for metal marking resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of metal marking phenomena, mechanisms, and mitigation strategies.
  • Analysis of existing industry and technical center testing procedures for metal marking.
  • Presentation of a novel metal marking test developed at the Technological Center for Ceramic and Glass (CTCV).

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of the physical and chemical interactions leading to metal marking.
  • Compilation of various techniques aimed at enhancing tableware resistance to metal marks.
  • Identification of the need for standardized testing due to the lack of a universal procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the mechanisms of metal marking is crucial for developing durable ceramic tableware.
  • Existing prevention methods can significantly reduce defects, improving product longevity.
  • The proposed CTCV test offers a standardized approach for reliable comparison of porcelain tableware's metal marking resistance.