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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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Energy-Aware QoS MAC Protocol Based on Prioritized-Data and Multi-Hop Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks.

Aan Nazmus Sakib1, Micheal Drieberg1, Sohail Sarang2

  • 1Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new energy-aware Quality of Service (QoS) MAC protocol, EQPD-MAC, conserves sensor node energy by up to 30.3% and improves throughput by 23.3% through prioritized data and multi-hop routing.

Keywords:
WSNsenergy-awaremulti-hop routingquality of service

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Networking
  • Wireless Sensor Networks

Background:

  • Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) face energy constraints due to limited battery capacity and difficult replacement.
  • Energy-efficient communication is crucial for extending WSN node lifespan.
  • Applications requiring extensive coverage and diverse data packets necessitate multi-hop routing and Quality of Service (QoS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an energy-efficient QoS MAC protocol for WSNs that supports multi-priority packet delivery and multi-hop routing.
  • To enhance network lifespan and performance by focusing on energy conservation.
  • To introduce the EQPD-MAC protocol, designed for energy-aware operation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an energy-aware QoS MAC protocol named EQPD-MAC.
  • Implemented a cross-layer communication approach for efficiency.
  • Integrated prioritized data handling, adaptive active time for reduced idle listening, and a robust routing protocol.

Main Results:

  • EQPD-MAC reduced sensor node energy consumption by up to 30.3%.
  • Per-bit energy consumption decreased by up to 29.6%.
  • Sink node energy consumption was reduced by up to 27.4%, with throughput increasing by up to 23.3%.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed EQPD-MAC protocol effectively balances energy conservation with QoS requirements in WSNs.
  • EQPD-MAC demonstrates significant improvements in energy efficiency and throughput compared to existing QoS MAC protocols.
  • The protocol's design is suitable for WSN applications demanding reliable, high-priority data transmission and extended operational life.