Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

445
The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
445
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

947
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
947

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development of an AQbD-guided sustainable RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantification of saracatinib and rapamycin in lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Analytical and Bioanalytical Advances in Oxazolidinones: A Critical Review of Methods, Stability, and Clinical Translation.

Critical reviews in analytical chemistry·2026
Same author

Enhanced Topical Delivery of Methotrexate via Transferosome-Loaded Microneedle Array Patch: Formulation, Optimization, and In Vitro-In Vivo Assessment.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Transcutaneous delivery of disease-specific PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitor-based hybrid nanoparticles in hydrogel system for the management of psoriasis: Insights from in vivo studies.

International journal of pharmaceutics·2025
Same author

Cyclodextrin-Nanosponge-Loaded Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Inhibitor-Based Topical Gel for Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis: Formulation Design, Development, and <i>In vitro</i> Evaluations.

Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Eugenol-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles-Derived Hydrogels Ameliorate Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions by Lowering Oxidative Stress and Modulating Inflammation.

ACS pharmacology & translational science·2024
Same journal

RETRACTED: Atta et al. Effect of Montmorillonite Nanogel Composite Fillers on the Protection Performance of Epoxy Coatings on Steel Pipelines. <i>Molecules</i> 2017, <i>22</i>, 905.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correction: Chen et al. Chemical Composition of <i>Litsea pungens</i> Essential Oil and Its Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities. <i>Molecules</i> 2023, <i>28</i>, 6835.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correction: Ruan et al. Comparison of Extraction, Isolation, Purification, Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of Polysaccharides from Two Species of <i>Cistanche</i>. <i>Molecules</i> 2025, <i>30</i>, 4754.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correction: Li et al. Gastrodin Ameliorates Cognitive Dysfunction in Vascular Dementia Rats by Suppressing Ferroptosis via the Regulation of the Nrf2/Keap1-GPx4 Signaling Pathway. <i>Molecules</i> 2022, <i>27</i>, 6311.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correction: Zueva et al. Steady-State Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Echothiophate, a P-S Bonded Organophosphorus as Monitored by Spectrofluorimetry. <i>Molecules</i> 2020, <i>25</i>, 1371.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

1,4-Diazatriphenylene and Its Hetero-Fused Analogs: Synthesis and Applications.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability
07:41

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

Published on: July 12, 2024

2.6K

Levonorgestrel Microneedle Array Patch for Sustained Release Contraception: Formulation, Optimization and In Vivo

Amarjitsing Rajput1,2, Riyaz Ali M Osmani1,3, Achyut Khire1

  • 1Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai 400076, India.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel microneedle array patch loaded with levonorgestrel liposomes was developed for contraception. This innovative patch demonstrated superior contraceptive efficacy compared to traditional drug-loaded microneedle patches.

Keywords:
contraceptiondrug deliverylevonorgestrelliposomesmicroneedlenanotechnologysustained-release

More Related Videos

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
08:15

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

Published on: November 17, 2015

12.3K
Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
08:19

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Published on: June 1, 2012

14.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability
07:41

Author Spotlight: Innovative Microneedle-Based Strategies for Enhanced Exosome Delivery and Stability

Published on: July 12, 2024

2.6K
Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography
08:15

Polymeric Microneedle Array Fabrication by Photolithography

Published on: November 17, 2015

12.3K
Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing
08:19

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

Published on: June 1, 2012

14.5K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Contraception development is crucial for reproductive health.
  • Microneedle array patches offer a novel drug delivery system.
  • Levonorgestrel is a widely used progestin for hormonal contraception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch.
  • To evaluate the contraceptive potential of this novel formulation.

Main Methods:

  • Liposomes loaded with levonorgestrel were formulated using a solvent injection technique.
  • Characterization included particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug loading, and entrapment efficiency.
  • Morphology was assessed using cryo-transmission electron microscopy and cryo-scanning electron microscopy.

Main Results:

  • Formulated liposomes exhibited optimal characteristics: particle size (147 ± 8 nm), PDI (0.207 ± 0.03), zeta potential (-23 ± 4.25 mV), drug loading (18 ± 3.22%), and entrapment efficiency (85 ± 4.34%).
  • Electron microscopy confirmed spherical liposomes with smooth surfaces.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated sustained Levonorgestrel release for 28 days.

Conclusions:

  • The levonorgestrel liposome-loaded microneedle array patch is a promising new contraceptive delivery system.
  • This formulation exhibited enhanced contraceptive efficacy compared to conventional drug-loaded microneedle patches.