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Mobile health (m-Health) has diverged from its scientific roots due to commercial interests, creating a global health inequality. This paper clarifies the distinction between digital health and m-Health to address future healthcare challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Health and Health Informatics
  • Healthcare Technology Assessment

Background:

  • Mobile health (m-Health) initially promised significant digital transformation in healthcare but became dominated by smartphone applications and commercial markets.
  • This commercialization created an 'm-Health schism,' widening the gap between perceived patient benefits and market realities, particularly in low and middle-income countries.
  • The conflation of 'digital health' with m-Health, without clear distinctions, has obscured scientific understanding and effective application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the 'known unknowns' driving the evolution and schism in m-Health.
  • To differentiate and correlate digital health with other health information and communication technology (ICT) domains like telemedicine, telehealth, and e-health.
  • To propose a framework for understanding the relationship between digital health and m-Health for better future healthcare strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of the evolution of m-Health and its divergence from scientific principles.
  • Review of the impact of commercialization ('mobile health capitalism') on m-Health.
  • Framework development to correlate digital health with telemedicine, telehealth, and e-health.

Main Results:

  • The dominance of commercial interests over scientific application has led to an 'm-Health schism' and global health inequalities.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the limited impact of commercialized digital health solutions in mitigating global health crises.
  • A lack of clear definitions and correlations between digital health, m-Health, and related ICT terms hinders effective implementation.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing the 'm-Health schism' requires a clearer scientific understanding and distinction between digital health and m-Health.
  • A proposed framework can help correlate digital health with other ICT domains, improving clarity and application.
  • Lessons learned from the pandemic underscore the need to bridge the gap between commercialization and scientific rigor in digital health for future pandemic preparedness and healthcare challenges.