Cardiovascular risk in children: a burden for future generations

Area of Science:

• Pediatric cardiology
• Cardiovascular disease prevention
• Atherosclerosis research

Background:

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are leading causes of death and significant healthcare expenditures in developed nations.
• Atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of CVDs, initiates in childhood, contrary to the common belief that it affects only adulthood.
• The severity of atherosclerosis is directly correlated with the number and intensity of risk factors present.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the critical importance of early cardiovascular risk detection in childhood for preventing adult cardiovascular events.
• To review the primary modifiable and non-modifiable cardiovascular risk factors prevalent in pediatric and adolescent populations.
• To provide insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for these risk factors.

Main Methods:

• This review synthesizes existing epidemiological data and scientific literature on pediatric cardiovascular risk factors.
• It focuses on identifying key risk factors in childhood and adolescence, including excess weight, hypertension, and metabolic alterations.
• The review examines the pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic interventions for these identified risks.

Main Results:

• Key cardiovascular risk factors, including excess weight, arterial hypertension, and alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, are detectable in childhood and adolescence.
• Both non-modifiable (genetic factors, congenital heart diseases) and modifiable (lifestyle, nutrition) risk factors contribute to atherosclerosis development from an early age.
• Early diagnosis and intervention are fundamental for mitigating long-term cardiovascular disease burden.

Conclusions:

• Early identification and management of cardiovascular risk factors in pediatric populations are essential for long-term cardiovascular health.
• Addressing modifiable risk factors like excess weight and hypertension in youth can significantly reduce the incidence of adult cardiovascular diseases.
• Comprehensive strategies encompassing diagnosis and treatment are vital for improving life expectancy and reducing the societal cost of cardiovascular diseases.