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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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A unique bilateral accessory forearm flexor muscle.

R K Fernandez1, S Ramakrishnan1, T T Sukumaran1

  • 1Department of Anatomy, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.

Folia Morphologica
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study describes a rare bilateral accessory muscle in the upper extremity of a cadaver, potentially causing nerve compression. This finding highlights the complex anatomy and evolution of forearm muscles.

Keywords:
accessory muscleanatomical variationsfirst lumbrical muscleflexor digitorum superficialis muscleforearmmedian nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Morphology
  • Human Anatomy

Background:

  • Anatomical variations in the upper extremity are clinically significant.
  • Understanding these variations is crucial for diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal and neurovascular conditions.

Observation:

  • A unique bilateral accessory muscle was identified in the forearm and palm of an 89-year-old male cadaver.
  • The right side exhibited a two-bellied muscle with distinct forearm and palmar portions, while the left side presented a single palmar belly connected by a long tendon.

Findings:

  • Both accessory muscles originated from the flexor digitorum superficialis and inserted with the first lumbrical into the index finger's dorsal digital expansion.
  • Innervation by the anterior interosseous and median nerves suggests a complex origin, possibly from the flexor digitorum profundus.
  • The muscle's path through the carpal canal may contribute to nerve compression pathologies.

Implications:

  • This discovery underscores the intricate nature of upper limb muscle development and evolution.
  • Such anatomical anomalies can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome and other nerve entrapment issues.
  • Awareness of this accessory muscle is vital for clinicians managing upper extremity disorders.