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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Virus Entry Inhibitors: Past, Present, and Future.

Shan Su1, Wei Xu1, Shibo Jiang2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
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Virus entry inhibitors, including peptides, small molecules, and proteins, are crucial for developing new antiviral therapies. These external-acting drugs offer promising prophylaxis and treatment options for viral diseases.

Keywords:
Entry inhibitorPeptideSmall moleculeTherapeuticsVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Drug Discovery
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • The development of antiviral therapeutics has seen significant advancements with the introduction of virus entry inhibitors.
  • Enfuvirtide's approval represented a key milestone, paving the way for diverse inhibitor classes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of virus entry inhibitors.
  • To analyze the pros and cons of peptide-, small-molecule-, and protein-based inhibitors.
  • To outline future trends in antiviral entry inhibitor development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on virus entry inhibitors.
  • Comparative analysis of different inhibitor classes (peptide, small molecule, protein).
  • Synthesis of current data to predict future directions.

Main Results:

  • Virus entry inhibitors act extracellularly, offering broad application potential.
  • Diverse classes of entry inhibitors have been identified and approved.
  • Each inhibitor class presents unique advantages and disadvantages.

Conclusions:

  • Virus entry inhibitors are vital for combating viral infections.
  • Their extracellular mechanism supports use in prophylaxis and treatment.
  • Ongoing research into peptide-, small-molecule-, and protein-based inhibitors promises future therapeutic innovations.