Pharmacological sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 targeting in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice

Primarily caused by chronic cigarette smoking (CS), emphysema is characterized by loss of alveolar cells comprising lung units involved in gas exchange and inflammation that culminate in airspace enlargement. Dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism with increases of ceramide relative to sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) signaling has been shown to cause lung cell apoptosis and is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in emphysema. We sought to determine the impact of augmenting S1P signaling via S1P receptor 1 (S1P1) in a mouse model of CS-induced emphysema. DBA2 mice were exposed to CS for 4 or 6 mo and treated with pharmacological agonists of S1P1: phosphonated FTY720 (FTY720-1S and 2S analogs; 0.01-1.0 mg/kg) or GSK183303A (10 mg/kg). Pharmacological S1P1 agonists ameliorated CS-induced lung parenchymal apoptosis and airspace enlargement as well as loss of body weight. S1P1 agonists had modest inhibitory effects on CS-induced airspace inflammation and lung functional changes measured by Flexivent, improving lung tissue resistance. S1P1 abundance was reduced in chronic CS-conditions and remained decreased after CS-cessation or treatment with FTY720-1S. These results support an important role for S1P-S1P1 axis in maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli during chronic CS exposure and suggest that increasing both S1P1 signaling and abundance may be beneficial to counteract the effects of chronic CS exposure.