ACA pumps maintain leaf excitability during herbivore onslaught

Recurrent damage by lepidopteran folivores triggers repeated leaf-to-leaf electrical signaling. We found that the ability to propagate electrical signals-called slow wave potentials-was unexpectedly robust and was maintained in plants that had experienced severe damage. We sought genes that maintain tissue excitability during group insect attack. When Arabidopsis thaliana P-Type II Ca²⁺-ATPase mutants were mechanically wounded, all mutants tested displayed leaf-to-leaf electrical signals. However, when the auto-inhibited Ca²⁺-ATPase double-mutant aca10 aca12 was attacked by Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars, electrical signaling failed catastrophically, and the insects consumed these plants rapidly. The attacked double mutant displayed petiole base deformation and chlorosis, which spread acropetally into laminas and led to senescence. A phloem-feeding aphid recapitulated these effects, implicating the vasculature in electrical signaling failure. Consistent with this, ACA10 expressed in phloem companion cells in an aca10 aca12 background rescued electrical signaling and defense during protracted S. littoralis attack. When expressed in xylem contact cells, ACA10 partially rescued these phenotypes. Extending our analyses, we found that prolonged darkness also caused wound-response electrical signaling failure in aca10 aca12 mutants. Our results lead to a model in which the plant vasculature acts as a capacitor that discharges temporarily when leaves are subjected to energy-depleting stresses. Under these conditions, ACA10 and ACA12 function allows the restoration of vein cell membrane potentials. In the absence of these gene functions, vascular cell excitability can no longer be restored efficiently. Additionally, this work demonstrates that non-invasive electrophysiology is a powerful tool for probing early events underlying senescence.