Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

178
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
178
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

171
CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
171
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.7K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.7K
Viral Structure00:56

Viral Structure

65.2K
Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.
65.2K
Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

295
Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
295
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

47.2K
Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
47.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrase anchors viral RNA to the HIV-1 capsid interior.

Nature·2026
Same author

Capsid flexibility during Ty1 virus-like particle assembly.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

KHNYN is a manganese-dependent endoribonuclease required for ZAP-mediated antiviral restriction.

Nucleic acids research·2025
Same author

Probing the molecular determinants of Ty1 retrotransposon restriction specificity in yeast.

PLoS genetics·2025
Same author

The human ribosome modulates multidomain protein biogenesis by delaying cotranslational domain docking.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2025
Same author

Evolution of antiviral host defenses against a backdrop of endogenous retroelements.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

7.0K

Virus restriction: Repurposing an essential cellular function to defend against viruses.

Jonathan P Stoye1, Ian A Taylor2

  • 1Retrovirus-Host Interactions Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.

Current Biology : CB
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eukaryotic cells developed defense mechanisms against viral infections. A duplicated cellular protein evolved to inhibit viruses while maintaining cell viability, showcasing an adaptive defense strategy.

More Related Videos

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens
10:19

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens

Published on: February 3, 2020

6.5K
MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
09:05

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

Published on: February 6, 2017

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors
06:02

Arbovirus Infections As Screening Tools for the Identification of Viral Immunomodulators and Host Antiviral Factors

Published on: September 13, 2018

7.0K
Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens
10:19

Screening and Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors from Secreted Effectors of Plant Pathogens

Published on: February 3, 2020

6.5K
MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism
09:05

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

Published on: February 6, 2017

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotes possess diverse defense mechanisms against viral infections.
  • Viral egress is a critical step in the viral life cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary adaptation of a cellular protein involved in cell growth and virus egress.
  • To understand how this protein evolved to inhibit viral replication while preserving host cell viability.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomics to identify duplicated protein copies.
  • Biochemical assays to assess protein function and viral inhibition.
  • Cell-based assays to evaluate impact on cell viability and virus egress.

Main Results:

  • A duplicated copy of a cellular protein, originally involved in cell growth and virus egress, was identified.
  • This evolved protein copy demonstrated significant antiviral activity.
  • The protein effectively inhibited viral replication without compromising host cell viability.

Conclusions:

  • Duplicated cellular proteins can evolve new functions, such as antiviral defense.
  • This provides a novel mechanism for eukaryotes to combat viral infections.
  • The findings highlight the dynamic interplay between host-pathogen evolution.