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Related Concept Videos

Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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The Early Endosome: Endocytosis of Transferrin01:28

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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

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The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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In Vitro Polymerization of F-actin on Early Endosomes
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The mammalian endocytic cytoskeleton.

Amr Abouelezz1, Leonardo Almeida-Souza1

  • 1Helsinki Institute of Life Science, HiLIFE, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Biotechnology, Viikinkaari 5, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.

European Journal of Cell Biology
|April 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) uses actin in mammalian cells, though its role is variable. This review details the endocytic cytoskeleton

Keywords:
Actin regulationCytoskeletonEndocytic cytoskeletonFCHSD2Membrane bendingReceptor-mediated endocytosis

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular and cell processes

Background:

  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a primary cellular pathway for internalizing substances and recycling membrane components.
  • The actin cytoskeleton's role in mammalian CME is not fully understood, unlike in yeast where it's essential.
  • Recent research highlights the actin cytoskeleton as a key player in mammalian CME.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the endocytic cytoskeleton in mammalian cells.
  • To discuss the physiological significance of the actin cytoskeleton in CME.
  • To identify outstanding questions in the field.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on mammalian CME and the actin cytoskeleton.
  • Synthesis of findings on the dynamic role of actin in endocytic processes.
  • Analysis of the physiological relevance and open questions.

Main Results:

  • The actin cytoskeleton's contribution to mammalian CME is increasingly recognized as significant, though variable.
  • Specific mechanisms and regulatory roles of actin in CME are becoming clearer.
  • The physiological importance of actin in CME is supported by growing evidence.

Conclusions:

  • The actin cytoskeleton is a crucial component of mammalian CME, influencing vesicle formation and cargo uptake.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interactions and regulatory networks involved.
  • Understanding the endocytic cytoskeleton is vital for comprehending cellular transport and homeostasis.