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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Non-Intubated Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery with Multimodal Analgesia and Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia

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Noise-Canceling Headphones and Music Decrease Intraoperative Patient Anxiety During Wide-Awake Hand Surgery: A

Clay B Townsend¹, Dalibel Bravo¹, Christopher Jones¹

¹Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.

Journal of Hand Surgery Global Online

|April 13, 2022

Summary

Listening to music with noise-canceling headphones during wide-awake local anesthesia no-tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery significantly reduces patient anxiety. This safe and inexpensive intervention improves the patient experience for WALANT procedures.

Keywords:

Hand surgery Music therapy WALANT Wide-awake hand surgery Wide-awake local anesthesia no-tourniquet

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Patient Experience
Anxiety Management

Background:

Wide-awake local anesthesia no-tourniquet (WALANT) hand surgery offers benefits like cost savings and improved outcomes.
Patient anxiety is a common challenge during awake surgical procedures.
Nonorthopedic studies suggest music can reduce anxiety in awake medical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the anxiolytic effect of noise-canceling headphones and music during WALANT hand surgery.
To assess the impact of this intervention on patient anxiety levels.
To evaluate patient satisfaction with the procedure.

Main Methods:

Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing a headphones group (music + noise-canceling headphones) with a control group.
Anxiety measured using a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) pre-, intra-, and post-operatively.
Patient experience and recommendation rates assessed via questionnaire.

Main Results:

The headphones group reported significantly lower intraoperative anxiety (1.02 vs 2.32, P=.017).
A greater net decrease in anxiety was observed in the headphones group (-1.78 vs -0.56, P=.033).
92% of patients in the headphones group would recommend the intervention.

Conclusions:

Noise-canceling headphones with music effectively decrease intraoperative anxiety in WALANT hand surgery.
This nonpharmacologic approach is safe, inexpensive, and enhances patient experience.
The intervention shows promise for improving patient comfort during awake hand surgery.