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Mechanism of heat transfer

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...

Thermal Stress

Thermal Stress

If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...

Thermosensation

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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Published on: December 27, 2012

A Real-Time Self-Adaptive Thermal Metasurface.

Jun Guo^1,2, Guoqiang Xu², Di Tian¹

¹MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|April 13, 2022

Summary

This study introduces a self-adaptive metasurface platform for programmable thermal functions. It enables real-time thermal regulation and arbitrary switching between thermal patterns using thermoelectric elements.

Keywords:

real-time regulation spatial evolution thermal camouflage thermal metasurfaces

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Last Updated: Sep 27, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Thermodynamics
Nanotechnology

Background:

Metamaterials offer unconventional heat control but typically have fixed thermal functions.
Current thermal metamaterials lack real-time regulation and dynamic adaptability due to deterministic structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a self-adaptive metasurface platform for programmable thermal functions.
To achieve real-time thermal regulation and arbitrary switching between thermal patterns.

Main Methods:

Utilized automatic evolution of thermoelectric heat sources.
Implemented real-time control of driven voltage.
Integrated thermal pixels and feedback control systems on printed circuit boards.

Main Results:

Demonstrated arbitrary switching between elaborate thermal patterns.
Achieved self-adaptability to diverse thermal requirements.
Established a proof-of-concept smart platform with an active thermoelectric element matrix.

Conclusions:

This work presents a new paradigm for programmable thermal management.
The developed platform paves the way for real-time thermal regulation in advanced applications.