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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
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Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

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Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Unraveling the Initial Activation of the Adaptive Immune Response for Therapeutic Intervention
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X rays activate T cell calcium signaling.

Ben Short

    The Journal of General Physiology
    |April 13, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ionizing radiation triggers an immune response in T cells. This occurs by activating the store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry pathway, crucial for T cell function.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology
    • Radiation Oncology

    Background:

    • Ionizing radiation (IR) is a cornerstone of cancer treatment.
    • The immunomodulatory effects of IR are increasingly recognized.
    • T cells play a critical role in adaptive immunity and anti-tumor responses.

    Discussion:

    • This study demonstrates that clinically relevant doses of IR induce a significant immune response in T cells.
    • The mechanism involves the activation of the store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry pathway.
    • This pathway is essential for T cell activation, proliferation, and effector functions.

    Key Insights:

    • Clinically relevant ionizing radiation directly impacts T cell immune responses.
    • Store-operated calcium entry is a key mediator of radiation-induced T cell activation.

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    Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium CRAC Currents in Human T Lymphocytes
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    Whole-Cell Recording of Calcium Release-Activated Calcium CRAC Currents in Human T Lymphocytes
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  • Findings highlight a novel link between radiation physics and cellular immunology.

    • Outlook:

    • Potential for novel therapeutic strategies combining radiation and immunotherapy.
    • Further investigation into modulating calcium signaling for enhanced anti-cancer immunity.
    • Understanding these mechanisms could refine radiation therapy protocols to maximize immune-mediated tumor control.