Li₅Sn, the Most Lithium-Rich Binary Stannide: A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

From reaction of excess lithium with tin, we isolate well-crystallized Li₅Sn and solve the crystal structure from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The orthorhombic structure (space group Cmcm) features the same coordination polyhedra around tin and lithium as previously predicted by electronic structure calculations for this composition, however differently arranged. An extensive ab initio analysis, including thermodynamic integration using Langevin dynamics in combination with a machine-learning potential (moment tensor potential), is conducted to understand the thermodynamic stability of this Cmcm Li₅Sn structure observed in our experiments. Among the 108 Li₅Sn structures systematically derived using the structure enumeration algorithm, including the experimental Cmcm structure and those obtained in previous ab initio studies, another new structure with the space group Immm is found to be energetically most stable at 0 K. This computationally discovered Immm structure is also found to be thermodynamically more stable than the Cmcm structure at finite temperatures, indicating that the Cmcm Li₅Sn structure observed in our experiments is favored likely due to kinetic reasons rather than thermodynamics.