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Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference.

Alexander Pohle1, Björn Kröger2, Rachel C M Warnock3

  • 1Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, CH-8006, Zürich, Switzerland. alexander.pohle@pim.uzh.ch.

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|April 15, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early cephalopod evolution is clarified through a robust phylogenetic analysis of Cambrian and Ordovician fossils. This study resolves evolutionary pathways and proposes a new classification scheme for these ancient marine invertebrates.

Keywords:
Bayesian phylogeneticsCephalopodaEndoceratoideaFossilized birth-death processMulticeratoideaNautiloideaOrthoceratoideaPhylogenyPosterior clade probabilitiesTree similarities

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Area of Science:

  • Paleontology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics

Background:

  • The early evolution of cephalopods, despite their rich fossil record, remains poorly understood due to conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses.
  • Previous studies often relied on subjective interpretations of morphological characters rather than rigorous cladistic analyses.
  • Advancements in phylogenetic inference, including Bayesian methods and the fossilized birth-death model, offer new approaches for analyzing fossil data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of early cephalopods using a newly compiled morphological character matrix.
  • To resolve existing controversies regarding cephalopod evolutionary relationships and establish a robust classification scheme.
  • To provide insights into the application of Bayesian phylogenetic inference for morphological datasets.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of a large morphological character matrix for Cambrian and Ordovician cephalopods.
  • Application of Bayesian phylogenetic inference, likely incorporating models suitable for fossil data (e.g., fossilized birth-death model).
  • Analysis of tree topologies and clade support using metrics such as quartet similarity and pruned maximum clade credibility trees.

Main Results:

  • Identification of three major monophyletic groups: Endoceratoidea, Multiceratoidea, and Orthoceratoidea, with some reassignments of taxa.
  • Recovery of Ellesmerocerida and Plectronocerida near the root, with Ellesmerocerida found to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.
  • Demonstration that apparent uncertainties in tree topologies are often due to measurement methods, not a lack of phylogenetic signal.

Conclusions:

  • The study clarifies the earliest evolutionary pathways of cephalopods and provides a classification scheme supported by robust phylogenetic analysis.
  • Quartet similarity metrics are recommended over Robinson-Foulds distance for assessing higher-level phylogenetic relationships in fossil groups.
  • Maximum clade credibility trees, when pruned a posteriori, offer better assessment of phylogenetic support, especially with wildcard taxa.