The effects of Fe-doping on MnO₂: phase transitions, defect structures and its influence on electrical properties

The composition of Mn_1- Fe O₂ (x = 0-0.15) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 140 °C for 5 hours of reaction time. Investigations were carried out including XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, and TEM for crystallographic phase analysis. Furthermore, XPS and XAS were used to analyze the oxidation states of Mn and dopant Fe in the octahedron sites. For electrical characterizations, an impedance analyzer was used to explore the conductivity and dielectric properties. It was discovered that the undoped MnO₂ possessed an α-MnO₂ structure performing (2 × 2) tunnel permitting K⁺ insertion and had a nanorod morphology. The Fe ion that was doped into MnO₂ caused a phase transformation from α-MnO₂ to Ramsdellite R-MnO₂ after x = 0.15 was reached and the tunnel dimension changed to (2 × 1). Furthermore, this caused increased micro-strain and oxygen vacancies. An oxidation state analysis of Mn and substituted Fe in the octahedron sites found mixed 3+ and 4+ states. Electrical characterization revealed that the conductivity of Fe-doped MnO₂ is potentially electron influenced by the oxidation state of the cations in the octahedron sites, the micro-strain, the dislocation density, and the movement of K⁺ ions in the tunnel.