Effects of granular activated carbon and Fe-modified granular activated carbon on anammox process start-up

In this study, granular activated carbon (GAC) and Fe-modified granular activated carbon (FeGAC) prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method were added into respective up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors to explore their effects on the anammox process start-up. The results showed that the time of anammox system start-up could be reduced from 108 d in R1 (control group) to 94 d in R2 (GAC reactor) and to 83 d in R3 (FeGAC reactor). After 120 days of operation, the nitrogen removal rates (NRR) of all reactors could reach more than 0.8 kg-N m^-3 d^-1. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) amount, heme c content and the anammox bacterial functional gene copy numbers gradually increased in all reactors with the passage of culture time, and manifested the superiority in R3 especially. High throughput sequencing revealed that Candidatus Kuenenia was the dominant species in all reactors in the end. It was also demonstrated that FeGAC markedly strengthened the growth and aggregation of anammox bacteria, which is promising for the practical application of the anammox process.