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Related Concept Videos

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography01:24

Imaging Studies II: Ultrasonography

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IntroductionUltrasonography, or renal ultrasound, is a noninvasive medical imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to visualize the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and surrounding tissues.Indications for Urinary System UltrasonographyUrinary system ultrasonography is indicated in various clinical scenarios, such as:Kidney Stones (Urolithiasis): To detect and monitor the size and presence of kidney or urinary tract stones.Hydronephrosis: To assess the dilation of the renal pelvis and...
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Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

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Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
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Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Updated: Sep 27, 2025

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
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Ureteroscopy under conscious sedation: A proof-of-concept study.

Kunal Jain1, Ruben Blachman-Braun2, Esha Jain1

  • 1Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.

Canadian Urological Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Des Urologues Du Canada
|April 15, 2022
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Summary

Ureteroscopy (URS) under conscious sedation is safe and effective for treating kidney stones, with an 83.8% success rate and no reported complications. This anesthesia alternative may benefit patients and healthcare systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Endoscopic Surgery

Background:

  • Ureteroscopy (URS) typically uses general anesthesia (GA), posing risks.
  • Advancements in endoscopic technology prompt exploration of alternative anesthesia methods.
  • Conscious sedation is investigated as a safer alternative to GA for URS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the outcomes of URS performed under urologist-directed conscious sedation.
  • To determine the safety and efficacy of conscious sedation for URS procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of 99 URS procedures under conscious sedation.
  • Primary outcome: URS completion success rate.
  • Secondary outcomes: stone-free rate, complication rate, admission rate, sedation dose.

Main Results:

  • Overall success rate was 83.8%, with high rates for intra-renal (81.0%) and proximal ureter (70.0%) procedures.
  • Stone-free rate was 80.8%.
  • No intraoperative complications or hospital admissions were reported; midazolam use correlated with increased success.

Conclusions:

  • Conscious sedation is a safe and effective anesthesia option for proximal and intrarenal URS.
  • Potential benefits for patients and healthcare systems warrant broader implementation.
  • Limitations include small sample size, lack of follow-up, and selection bias.