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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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How does maternal age affect genomic stability in the offspring?

Ádám Sturm1,2, Tibor Vellai1,2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary.

Aging Cell
|April 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Maternal age is increasing globally. Older mothers may face higher risks of insertional mutations in their oocytes due to increased transposable element activity, impacting offspring genetic stability.

Keywords:
5-methylcytosineagingepigenetic reprogramminggenomic instabilitymaternal agetransposon

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Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model
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Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Global trend of increasing maternal age at childbirth in high-income nations.
  • Known physiological, developmental, and medical consequences of advanced maternal age.
  • Unresolved impact of maternal age on offspring genetic stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the link between advanced maternal age and genetic instability in offspring.
  • To explore the role of transposable elements in age-related genetic alterations in oocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of oocyte samples from women of varying reproductive ages.
  • Assessment of transposable element activity and insertional mutation rates.
  • Correlation of maternal age with genetic damage in oocytes.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests increased transposable element activity with higher maternal age.
  • Elevated rates of insertional mutations in functional DNA within oocytes of older mothers.
  • Potential for these mutations to affect zygote formation and offspring genetics.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced maternal age is associated with heightened transposable element activity.
  • This activity can lead to insertional mutations in oocytes, potentially compromising offspring genetic stability.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and consequences.