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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

963
There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
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Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
366
Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Energy Bands in Solids01:01

Energy Bands in Solids

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Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels that are well described by the Bohr model. And, it quantifies the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom as En. Higher quantum numbers 'n' yield less negative, closer electron energy levels.
 Band Formation:
When atoms are brought close together, as in a solid, these discrete energy levels begin to split due to the overlap of electron orbitals from adjacent atoms. This split occurs because of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states...
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Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
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Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials
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Dissipation-enabled hydrodynamic conductivity in a tunable bandgap semiconductor.

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Ultraclean two-dimensional materials enable hydrodynamic transport where electron-hole collisions dominate. This study reveals conductivity in bilayer graphene depends on plasma collective motion and relative electron-hole movement.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Quantum electronics

Background:

  • Carrier-carrier collisions are crucial in ultraclean 2D materials.
  • Hydrodynamic transport offers new insights into electronic behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate ambipolar hydrodynamic transport in bilayer graphene.
  • Validate theories of dissipation-enabled hydrodynamic conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Combined theoretical and experimental approach.
  • Analysis of conductivity in bilayer graphene under varying conditions.

Main Results:

  • Conductivity described by two Drude-like terms: relative electron-hole motion and plasma collective motion.
  • Sample- and temperature-independent conductivity observed in charge-neutral graphene.
  • Electron-hole conductivity collapses to a single curve away from neutrality.
  • Four fitting parameters quantitatively match experimental data across densities, temperatures, and gaps.

Conclusions:

  • Validated theories for hydrodynamic conductivity in 2D materials.
  • Established a link between semiconductor physics and viscous electronics.