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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.4K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
2.4K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction
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Nascent structure memory erased in polymer stretching.

Wen Luo1, Yihuan Yu1, Jiping Wang1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Coordinate Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stretching semicrystalline polymers, regardless of initial state, leads to similar final structures due to universal post-growth reorganization. This means polymer fracture strength depends on the final stretched structure, not its initial thermal history.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Physics
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Semicrystalline polymer stretching is crucial for mechanical properties and processing.
  • Understanding the influence of initial polymer structure (amorphous vs. semicrystalline) on stretching behavior is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare parallel stretching processes of initially bulk amorphous and semicrystalline polymers.
  • To investigate the role of temperature and initial structure on polymer behavior during stretching.
  • To determine factors influencing final polymer structure and properties after stretching.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations were employed to model polymer stretching.
  • Simulations were conducted at various temperatures for both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers.
  • Analysis focused on early-stage behaviors, melting-recrystallization, memory effects, and final structural characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Semicrystalline polymers exhibit local/global melting-recrystallization at low/high temperatures and memory effects at mid-temperatures during early stretching.
  • At high strains, final crystallinities, orientations, and morphologies become independent of the initial polymer state.
  • Highest crystallinities are achieved in the middle temperature range due to optimal nucleation and growth dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Sufficient stretching strain erases thermal history, similar to high-temperature annealing.
  • The final structure achieved post-stretching dictates mechanical properties like fracture strength.
  • Industrial processing can optimize polymer properties by controlling stretching conditions, irrespective of the initial polymer form.