A review: Pathological and molecular biological study on atherosclerosis

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular Pathology
• Histopathology
• Molecular Biology

Background:

• Atherosclerosis involves arterial intima thickening, forming plaques that impede blood flow and risk stroke.
• The disease progresses through three distinct stages: pre-stage (DITs, fatty streaks), early (PIT), and late (fibroatheromas).
• Each stage exhibits unique morphological, biological, and immune marker expression profiles.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and synthesize current knowledge on atherosclerosis.
• To summarize advancements in understanding atherosclerosis through microanatomy, ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, and molecular biology.
• To emphasize common histological changes and pathological mechanisms.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of atherosclerosis research.
• Analysis of studies focusing on microanatomy and ultrastructure.
• Examination of immunohistochemical staining and molecular biology findings.

Main Results:

• Detailed description of morphological and biological changes across atherosclerosis stages.
• Identification of distinct immune marker expression patterns.
• Synthesis of histological findings and pathological mechanisms.

Conclusions:

• Atherosclerosis progression is marked by distinct histological and molecular alterations.
• Understanding these changes is vital for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular disease.
• This review consolidates key findings for future research and clinical application.