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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder
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Exposure to Olfactory Alcohol Cues During Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep Did Not Decrease Craving in Patients With

Ran Zhu1, Zhaojun Ni1, Ran Tao1

  • 1NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|April 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study found that exposing individuals with alcohol dependence to alcohol odors during non-rapid eye movement sleep did not significantly reduce alcohol craving or cue reactivity. Further research is needed to explore sleep-based interventions for alcohol use disorder.

Keywords:
alcohol dependencealcohol odorcravingcue exposure therapysleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Cue exposure therapy (CET) is a treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD).
  • The efficacy of CET during sleep, specifically non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, for reducing alcohol craving and cue reactivity in patients with alcohol dependence (AD) remains unclear.
  • This study investigated the impact of olfactory alcohol cue exposure during NREM sleep on AUD patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if repeated exposure to an olfactory alcohol stimulus during NREM sleep affects cue reactivity and craving in patients with AD.
  • To evaluate the potential of sleep-based cue exposure as an intervention for alcohol dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-five patients diagnosed with AD were randomly assigned to an experimental group or a control group.
  • The experimental group received a 10-minute exposure to alcohol odor during NREM sleep.
  • The control group received a 10-minute exposure to water (control stimulus) during NREM sleep. Cue reactivity was assessed before and after the exposure using measures like visual analog scale (VAS) for craving, skin conductance response (SCR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

Main Results:

  • No significant time × group interactions were observed for craving intensity (VAS), SCR, SBP, or DBP, indicating no differential effect of the intervention compared to the control.
  • While there were significant main effects of time on SCR, SBP, and DBP across both groups, these changes were not specifically attributable to the alcohol cue exposure during sleep.
  • Craving-VAS showed a non-significant main effect of time.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory exposure to alcohol cues during NREM sleep did not produce significant changes in alcohol craving or cue reactivity in hospitalized patients with AD.
  • The findings suggest that this specific sleep-based cue exposure method is not effective for reducing alcohol craving in the studied population.
  • Further investigation into different sleep stages or alternative sleep-based interventions may be warranted for treating alcohol dependence.