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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Therapeutic Benefit of Closed-Loop Deep Brain Stimulation in Depression Treatment
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Subcallosal Cingulate Cortex Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Systematic Review.

Michał Sobstyl1, Anna Kupryjaniuk1, Marek Prokopienko1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.

Frontiers in Neurology
|April 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Subcallosal cingulate cortex deep brain stimulation (SCC DBS) shows promise for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This review found high response and remission rates, suggesting SCC DBS is an effective option for TRD.

Keywords:
deep brain stimulationdepressionmajor depressive disordersubcallosal cingulate cortextreatment-resistant depression

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an emerging therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
  • The subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) is implicated in TRD pathogenesis and may be a viable DBS target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing clinical trials on SCC DBS for TRD.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SCC DBS in human participants.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched MEDLINE and CENTRAL databases for relevant randomized clinical trials, open-label trials, and placebo-controlled trials.
  • Assessed studies based on patient data, clinical outcomes, adverse events, and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • 14 studies involving 230 TRD patients undergoing SCC DBS were identified.
  • Average follow-up was 14 months, with response rates from 23-92% and remission rates from 27-66.7%.
  • High response and remission rates indicate potential efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • SCC DBS demonstrates promise as an efficacious treatment for TRD.
  • Current findings are based on a limited patient cohort but suggest a positive outlook.
  • Adverse events associated with SCC DBS are typically transient and stimulation-related.