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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Female Off-Farm Employment and Fertility Timing in Rural China.

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Off-farm employment among Chinese rural women is linked to a later age at first birth. This effect is more significant for wage employment and less-educated women, impacting fertility timing.

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Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Demography
  • Economics

Background:

  • Advanced maternal age correlates with adverse fetal outcomes.
  • Off-farm employment is a key driver of fertility transition in developing nations.
  • Limited research exists on female off-farm employment and fertility timing in rural developing areas.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the association between off-farm employment and fertility timing in Chinese rural women.
  • Analyze how socioeconomic status influences this relationship.
  • Provide insights for policy development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS).
  • Employed ordinary least squares and instrumental variable approaches.
  • Examined differences in effects across various demographic and socioeconomic groups.

Main Results:

  • Off-farm employment participation is significantly associated with a later age at first birth.
  • The impact on fertility timing is stronger for wage employment compared to self-employment.
  • Delayed fertility timing effects are more pronounced for less-educated women and low-income families.

Conclusions:

  • Off-farm employment influences fertility timing, with heterogeneous effects based on socioeconomic status.
  • Findings support policies promoting female employment, childbearing, and health.
  • This study contributes valuable data to the understanding of fertility dynamics in developing countries.