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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum
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Soft-Tissue Analysis of Different Sagittal Skeletal Patterns Using the Geometric Morphometric Method.

Tamana Sazgar1,2, Nagham M Al-Jaf3, Noraina Hafizan Norman1

  • 1Centre of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia.

European Journal of Dentistry
|April 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals distinct soft-tissue shape variations in different sagittal skeletal patterns. Class III subjects exhibit more protrusive lips, while Class II subjects show a retrusive lower lip.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
  • Anthropology
  • Biometrics

Background:

  • Soft-tissue morphology significantly influences facial aesthetics and cephalometric analysis.
  • Understanding variations in soft-tissue patterns across different skeletal classes is crucial for diagnosis and treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the size and shape variations of soft-tissue patterns in individuals with different sagittal skeletal patterns.
  • To utilize geometric morphometrics (GMM) on lateral cephalograms for precise analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective study of 188 Malaysian Malay adults (18-40 years) with diverse sagittal skeletal patterns.
  • Analysis of 11 soft-tissue landmarks using tpsDig2 and MorphoJ software.
  • Statistical analysis including ANOVA, Procrustes ANOVA, canonical variate analysis, and discriminant function analysis.

Main Results:

  • Significant size and shape differences in soft-tissue patterns were observed between Class II and Class III subjects and across genders (p < 0.0001).
  • Discriminant function analysis achieved high classification accuracy for Class II (98.4% pre-validation, 90.6% post-validation) and Class III (96.6% pre-validation, 90% post-validation) subjects.
  • Specific linear parameters (Length D, E, F, H, I) showed significant differences (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

  • Sagittal skeletal patterns are associated with distinct soft-tissue shape variations.
  • Class III subjects present with the most protrusive upper and lower lips.
  • Class II subjects are characterized by a more retrusive lower lip.