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Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Assessment of the Mouth

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

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Published on: September 10, 2018

Economic Evaluation of the Protecting Teeth @ 3 Randomized Controlled Trial.

Y Anopa^1,2, L M D Macpherson¹, A D McMahon¹

¹College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Dental School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.

JDR Clinical and Translational Research

|April 20, 2022

Summary

Adding fluoride varnish (FV) to nursery school oral health programs did not prove cost-effective. This economic evaluation suggests reviewing the targeted FV component for better resource allocation in child dental public health.

Keywords:

child health cost-effectiveness analysis cost-utility analysis dental caries fluorides public health

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Area of Science:

Public Health & Health Services Research
Dental Public Health
Health Economics

Background:

Child oral health interventions are crucial for preventing dental caries in early life.
The Childsmile program in Scotland provides a multicomponent oral health intervention in nurseries.
The additional preventive value of routine fluoride varnish (FV) application alongside existing programs requires economic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct an economic evaluation alongside the Protecting Teeth @ 3 (PT@3) randomized controlled trial.
To compare the cost-utility of adding 6-monthly fluoride varnish (FV) applications in nurseries versus treatment as usual (TAU).
To determine the cost-effectiveness of the additional FV intervention from a National Health Service perspective.

Main Methods:

A within-trial cost-utility analysis (CUA) was performed.
Health outcomes measured in Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) over a 2-year follow-up.
Sensitivity analyses and incremental cost-utility ratios were calculated using national reference costs and a 1.5% discount rate.

Main Results:

The mean incremental cost per child for the FV arm was £68.37, with no statistically significant difference in QALYs (-0.004).
The probability of the FV intervention being cost-effective at the UK threshold of £20,000 was only 11.3%.
Data from 534 participants (265 FV, 269 TAU) were analyzed.

Conclusions:

The additional application of fluoride varnish in nurseries, beyond the existing Childsmile program components, is not cost-effective at current UK thresholds.
The universal nursery toothbrushing component of Childsmile has proven clinical and economic value.
A review of the targeted nursery fluoride varnish component is recommended due to its low probability of cost-effectiveness.