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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

2.8K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
2.8K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

1.2K
Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
1.2K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
13.4K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

28.1K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
28.1K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

19.0K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography
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Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

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Polar vortex crystals: Emergence and structure.

Lia Siegelman1, William R Young1, Andrew P Ingersoll2

  • 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vortex crystals, observed in Jupiter

Keywords:
Jupitergeostrophic turbulencepolevortexvortex crystal

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics and Plasma Physics
  • Fluid Dynamics and Turbulence

Background:

  • Vortex crystals are ordered structures of vortices found in rotating fluids.
  • These phenomena are observed in planetary atmospheres, such as Jupiter's poles, and in laboratory plasma experiments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spontaneous formation and long-term stability of vortex crystals.
  • To identify the key parameters governing vortex crystal characteristics in a simplified model.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations of two-dimensional turbulence on an idealized polar cap.
  • Analysis of vortex dynamics and statistical properties during free evolution.

Main Results:

  • Vortex crystals spontaneously form from random turbulence.
  • These structures are remarkably stable, persisting for at least 300 rotation periods.
  • A fundamental length scale (Lγ) is identified, dependent on fluid velocity and planetary parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Vortex crystals can emerge from generic turbulent flows in rotating systems.
  • The identified length scale provides a theoretical basis for understanding vortex crystal size.
  • The findings have implications for understanding atmospheric dynamics on Jupiter and other celestial bodies.