Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

45.3K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
45.3K
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

9.8K
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
9.8K
G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

4.9K
GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
4.9K
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

9.7K
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
9.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A topographical organization in the primary olfactory cortex.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Clinical Manifestations.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

Clinical Manifestations.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association·2025
Same author

Anterior olfactory nucleus mediates parallel inter-bulbar pathways in rodents.

BMC biology·2025
Same author

An Unusual Presentation of a Black Discoloration on the Tympanic Membrane of a 10-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report.

Cureus·2024
Same author

Author Correction: Functional MRI of murine olfactory bulbs at 15.2 T reveals characteristic activation patterns when stimulated by different odors.

Scientific reports·2023
Same journal

The pyroptosis cascade between inflammatory endothelial cells and microglia facilitates BBB disruption in bacterial meningitis.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Phage biocontrol reduces the disease burden and modulates plant immunity through suppression of bacterial virulence.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Structural mechanisms for self-activation of protease-activated receptor 4 by tethered ligand.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Immunotherapy with B28, an antibody to Aβ oligomers, potently decreases amyloid plaques, microgliosis, and memory decline in APP knock-in mice.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

TUSC3 serves as a rate-limiting gatekeeper of a glycan-mediated ER triage checkpoint for BMP4/Dpp.

Cell reports·2026
Same journal

Activation of a Yap1-mesenchymal-like program in β-cells during diabetes.

Cell reports·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

13.1K

Upstream γ-synchronization enhances odor processing in downstream neurons.

Tal Dalal1, Rafi Haddad1

  • 1The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.

Cell Reports
|April 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gamma synchrony in the olfactory bulb enhances sensory information transmission to the piriform cortex. This study provides causal evidence that gamma oscillations improve odor perception by modulating neural activity.

Keywords:
CP: Neurosciencegranule cellsmitral\tufted cellsolfactionolfactory bulboptogeneticspiriform cortexsynchronyγ-oscillationsγ-synchronization

More Related Videos

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis
11:08

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Published on: June 3, 2016

7.4K
A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

13.1K
Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis
11:08

Recording Temperature-induced Neuronal Activity through Monitoring Calcium Changes in the Olfactory Bulb of Xenopus laevis

Published on: June 3, 2016

7.4K
A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
10:42

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing
  • Olfactory System Research

Background:

  • Gamma-oscillatory activity is widespread in the brain.
  • Gamma synchrony is hypothesized to improve sensory information transmission.
  • Direct causal evidence for gamma synchrony's role in sensory transmission is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal role of gamma synchrony in sensory information transmission.
  • To test the hypothesis that gamma synchrony enhances information transfer in the olfactory system.

Main Methods:

  • Optogenetic modulation of GABAergic granule cells (GCs) in the mouse olfactory bulb.
  • Dissociation of mitral/tufted cell (MTC) gamma synchronization from firing rates.
  • Recording of odor responses in downstream piriform cortex neurons.

Main Results:

  • Increased MTC gamma synchronization enhanced cortical odor-evoked firing rates and improved odor representation.
  • These benefits occurred even with reduced MTC firing rates.
  • Suppression of MTC gamma synchronization impaired piriform cortex odor responses.

Conclusions:

  • Provides direct causal evidence that gamma synchrony enhances sensory information transmission.
  • Demonstrates that gamma oscillations play a critical role in olfactory information processing.
  • Highlights the importance of neural synchrony beyond mere firing rates for information encoding.