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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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In Vitro Characterization of Histone Chaperones using Analytical, Pull-Down and Chaperoning Assays
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Histone Chaperones as Cardinal Players in Development.

Sruthy Manuraj Rajam1,2, Pallavi Chinnu Varghese1,2, Debasree Dutta1

  • 1Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, India.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
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PubMed
Summary

Histone chaperones are essential for genome stability and epigenetic regulation. This review highlights their crucial role in orchestrating embryonic development from gametogenesis to organogenesis.

Keywords:
fertilizationgametogenesisgastrulationhistone chaperoneorganogenesispluripotencypost-implantationpre-implantation

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Chromatin structure, regulated by histones and proteins, is vital for DNA-dependent processes.
  • Histone chaperones maintain genome stability and epigenetic information by controlling chromatin accessibility.
  • These molecules are central to histone metabolism and dictate chromatin states (open or closed) through specific histone interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functional implications of histone chaperone networks in shaping chromatin function during organismal development.
  • To emphasize the critical role of histone chaperones in orchestrating embryonic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of seminal studies on histone chaperones and their functions.
  • Analysis of reported embryonic lethality upon perturbation of specific histone chaperones.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on histone chaperone involvement in developmental stages.

Main Results:

  • Histone chaperones are essential for maintaining chromatin accessibility and regulating gene expression.
  • Perturbation of certain histone chaperones leads to embryonic lethality, underscoring their developmental necessity.
  • A network of histone chaperones plays a key role in various stages of embryonic development.

Conclusions:

  • Histone chaperones are indispensable for genome stability and epigenetic regulation.
  • Their precise functions are critical for successful embryonic development, from gametogenesis through organogenesis.
  • Understanding histone chaperone networks provides insights into developmental processes and potential therapeutic targets.