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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

489
The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization
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Development and Application of CRISPR-Cas Based Tools.

Yanping Hu1,2,3, Wei Li1,2,3,4,5

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|April 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nature's CRISPR-Cas systems offer versatile tools for biological discovery and disease treatment. This review covers CRISPR-based tool development and future directions for novel CRISPR toolkits.

Keywords:
CRISPR toolkitsCas12Cas13Cas9gene editing

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology
  • Gene Editing Technologies

Background:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are abundant natural resources for developing advanced biological tools.
  • These systems have evolved into powerful instruments for scientific discovery and therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the evolution of CRISPR-Cas based tools.
  • To explore the transition from DNA nucleases to RNA nucleases and from nuclease-dependent to nucleic acid recognition-dependent tools.
  • To discuss future development directions for novel CRISPR toolkits.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of CRISPR-Cas based tool development.
  • Analysis of the progression of CRISPR-Cas tool functionalities.
  • Identification of current limitations and future research avenues.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas tools have diversified from DNA nucleases to RNA nucleases.
  • Development has shifted towards tools dependent on nucleic acid recognition rather than nuclease activity.
  • Significant advancements have been made in creating versatile CRISPR-based technologies.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems represent a rich source for innovative biotechnological tools.
  • Continued research into CRISPR-Cas tool evolution promises novel applications in biological research and medicine.
  • Addressing current limitations will drive the development of next-generation CRISPR toolkits.