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Related Concept Videos

Underflow Gates01:30

Underflow Gates

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Underflow gates are vital for controlling water flow in irrigation canals. The three main types of underflow gates — vertical, radial, and drum gates — serve different purposes while ensuring effective flow management. Vertical gates move up and down, generating a free-flowing water jet; radial gates pivot to regulate the flow; and drum gates rotate for precise adjustments. The flow through these gates is influenced by downstream conditions, resulting in free or drowned outflow.Free and...
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Thermal Expansion01:22

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The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Thermal Stress01:09

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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Airflow Velocities in Battery Cooling Systems for Enhanced Thermal Performance and Reduced Energy Consumption
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Energy saving thermal adaptive liquid gating system.

Baiyi Chen1,2, Mengchuang Zhang3,4, Yaqi Hou1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.

Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.))
|April 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel thermal adaptive system offers significant energy savings for buildings. This smart "breathing" system dynamically tunes indoor temperatures, outperforming traditional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning methods.

Keywords:
energy savingfluid temperature controlgreenhouseliquid gatingthermal adaptive

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Area of Science:

  • Building energy efficiency
  • Thermal management systems
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) applications represent a major energy challenge in buildings.
  • Traditional closed and open thermal transfer systems have inherent limitations in efficiency and performance.
  • Developing advanced thermal management solutions is crucial for reducing energy consumption and environmental impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel thermal adaptive system for efficient temperature control in buildings.
  • To demonstrate the energy-saving potential of a functional liquid-based temperature-responsive gating system.
  • To provide a durable and adaptable solution for dynamic indoor climate regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a sandwich-structured, membrane-based adaptive system utilizing a functional liquid.
  • Implementation of a temperature-responsive liquid gating mechanism with bistable interfacial design.
  • Theoretical modeling and experimental validation of the system's thermal control and energy-saving capabilities.
  • Simulation-based evaluation of energy savings using global greenhouse plantation data.

Main Results:

  • The adaptive system achieves efficient temperature control through smart "breathing" during heating and cooling cycles.
  • Experimental and theoretical analyses confirm superior energy-saving advantages over traditional closed and open systems.
  • Simulations predict a global reduction in energy consumption of approximately 7.9 × 10^13 kJ/year, a ∼11.6% decrease.
  • The system demonstrates high metastability and durability due to its liquid gating design.

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermal adaptive system offers a significant advancement in energy-efficient building climate control.
  • Its unique "breathing" mechanism and bistable interfacial design provide substantial energy savings.
  • The system's versatility allows for application in various thermal transfer processes, promising widespread real-world utility.