Association between brain metabolism and clinical course of motor functional neurological disorders

Features of resting brain metabolism in motor functional neurological disorder are poorly characterized. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of resting brain metabolism in a cohort of patients experiencing a first episode of motor functional neurological disorder with recent symptom onset and their association with persistent disability after 3 months. Patients eligible for inclusion were diagnosed with first episode of motor functional neurological disorder, were free from bipolar disorder, substance use disorder, schizophrenia, psychogenic non-epileptic seizure or any chronic or acute organic neurological disorder. Exclusion criteria included current suicidal ideation, antipsychotic intake and previous history of functional neurological disorder. Nineteen patients were recruited in Psychiatry and Neurology departments from two hospitals. Resting brain metabolism measured with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography at baseline and 3 months was compared to 23 controls without neurological impairment. Disability was scored using Expanded Disability Status Scale and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at baseline and 3 months. Correlations were calculated with Spearman correlation coefficient. Hypometabolism was found at baseline in bilateral frontal regions in patients versus controls, disappearing by 3 months. The patients with Expanded Disability Status Scale score improvement showed greater resting state activity of prefrontal dorsolateral cortex, right orbito-frontal cortex and bilateral frontopolar metabolism at 3 months versus other patients. The resting state metabolism of the right subgenual anterior cingular cortex at baseline was negatively correlated with improvement of motor disability (measured with Expanded Disability Status Scale) between inclusion and 3 months (r = -0.75, P = 0.0018) and with change in motor symptoms assessed with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (r = -0.81, P = 0.0005). The resting state metabolism of the left subgenual anterior cingular cortex at baseline was negatively correlated with improvement in Expanded Disability Status Scale and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores between inclusion and 3 months (r = -0.65, P = 0.01 and r = -0.75, P = 0.0021, respectively). The negative association between the brain metabolism of the right subgenual anterior cingular cortex at baseline and change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score remained significant (r = -0.81, P = 0.0414) after correction for multiple comparisons. Our findings suggest the existence of metabolic 'state markers' associated with motor disability and that brain markers are associated with motor recovery in functional neurological disorder patients.