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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 26, 2025

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS for Memory Enhancement
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Personalized Frequency Modulated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation for Associative Memory Enhancement.

Jovana Bjekić1, Marko Živanović2, Dunja Paunović1

  • 1Human Neuroscience Group, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.

Brain Sciences
|April 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study compares personalized theta-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) methods, including tACS and otDCS, against standard tDCS and sham stimulation to enhance associative memory (AM). The goal is to improve AM by precisely targeting brain networks involved in memory.

Keywords:
EEGassociative memorycognitive assessmentindividual theta-band frequencypersonalized brain stimulationtranscranial alternating current stimulation (tACS)transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)transcranial oscillatory current stimulation (otDCS)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Associative memory (AM) is crucial for daily function but declines with aging and neurodegeneration.
  • Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques show promise for enhancing AM.
  • The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a key target for NIBS interventions modulating cortico-hippocampal networks vital for AM.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of personalized, theta-frequency transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) for enhancing associative memory.
  • To compare the effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS), frequency-tuned to individual theta-band frequency (ITF), against non-oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and sham stimulation.
  • To evaluate the impact of these tES protocols on neurophysiological and behavioral measures of associative memory and other cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, cross-over study design involving four transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) conditions: tACS, otDCS, tDCS, and sham.
  • Personalized tES protocols modulated to the individual theta-band frequency (ITF).
  • Comprehensive assessment including resting-state and associative memory-evoked electroencephalography (EEG), alongside behavioral tasks assessing associative memory, cognitive control, verbal fluency, and working memory.

Main Results:

  • The study protocol is presented, detailing the methodology for comparing different tES techniques.
  • The research aims to identify the most effective personalized tES strategy for AM enhancement.
  • EEG-guided individualization of tES protocols is proposed to increase precision and effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • This study protocol outlines a rigorous comparison of personalized oscillatory tES techniques for associative memory enhancement.
  • The findings are expected to advance the application of neuromodulation for cognitive enhancement in aging and neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Individualized, frequency-targeted tES may offer a more precise and effective approach to modulating brain networks for memory improvement.