Salivary Metabolomics for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis: A Systematic Review

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer in which the consumption of tobacco and alcohol is considered to be the main aetiological factor. Salivary metabolome profiling could identify novel biochemical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This systematic review was designed to answer the question "Are salivary metabolites reliable for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma?". Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nineteen studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). In all included studies, the diagnostic material was unstimulated whole saliva, whose metabolome changes were determined by different spectroscopic methods. At the metabolic level, OSCC patients differed significantly not only from healthy subjects but also from patients with oral leukoplakia, lichen planus or other oral potentially malignant disorders. Among the detected salivary metabolites, there were the indicators of the impaired metabolic pathways, such as choline metabolism, amino acid pathways, polyamine metabolism, urea cycle, creatine metabolism, glycolysis or glycerolipid metabolism. In conclusion, saliva contains many potential metabolites, which can be used reliably to early diagnose and monitor staging in patients with OSCC. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm these findings and to identify new salivary metabolic biomarkers.